History Burgoo

Winter Months - Won't Stop Oral History Outreach

(Library staff processing and rehousing the Alexander Family Papers - AKA the Woodburn Farm Collection)

In anticipation of our public reopening on Saturday (March 12th, yep – this one), we have been diligently finishing up microfilm inventory (600 records in Mercer county), cataloging records and re-housing collections in order to make the library ready for use by patrons again.

All of the fluttering around the library to complete the season has made me think about what I have accomplished in the oral history office over the winter months. Not to even get into the paper pushing, but between January and February I travelled to 11 sites outside of Frankfort – practically one trip a week. I delivered digital workstations and equipment to be used for oral history digitization (EKU and Lindsey Wilson College), I visited with groups of teachers, visited a few college classes (Transylvania and Georgetown), participated in a high school program for Black History Month with the KHS Museum Theatre Dept. (1,100 Woodford County students, yikes!), moderated an OH archival evaluation (WKU), did some actual interviews and most recently spoke with an arts group looking to document their home county through oral history (Mt. Sterling).  While I haven’t been that far Southeast or West this season (mostly because of the unpredictability of the weather and planning trips that far – in advance and distance), I have been lucky enough to get out and around.

One of these visits has been recently renewed in my mind this week, so I thought I would share. My visit (turning into an annual one) to the Transylvania University Community Engagement Through the Arts class was unique in the fact that I spent as much time learning from the students there than trying to convey the knowledge I was asked to present. I am continually impressed by the nature of this class – not only is the purpose to get the college students interacting with the North Limestone community, the campus’ neighbor (and not one where students were traditionally encouraged to wander in), but to actively engage with the residents in that community, whether through storytelling, community crafting or just participating in neighborhood events. (this would be through the arts part). The students are really setting the class direction based on the framework set by the professors, Kurt Gohde and Kremena Todorova, a model that astounds me every time I experience it. I really enjoy watching the class move as a small swarm walking down North Limestone Ave from the manicured lawns of Transy to the back of whatever space they are meeting in this week (restaurants, furniture stores, graphic design studios etc…) In the spirit of self reflection – and part of the grading system, I am sure - the students all write a series of “This I Believe” essays, based on the resurged radio series on NPR and they are encouraged to reflect on what it is they believe and how that may or may not shift as the semester wears on.

This adventure has popped back up in my mind since I was recently contacted by the class to write my own “This I Believe” essay to add to the annual Community Engagements class publication of essays and projects - they continue to "engage". This year, I talked with (not so much at) the class about sense-of-place, tangible and intangible culture and meeting a community through listening to what people who live there value or dismiss. I really had to think about the question for myself long and hard….since I DO believe in this class, I would like to share.

In the mean time, you should see what the class is doing, you can visit their own blog – check out their photos of projects, read their essays, visit their sites – get inspired or at least maybe get some ideas for how this might work for something in your own community.

So, it is a bit self-gratifying to get to visit these sort of places – I tend to get as much out of it as my institution or the place I am visiting (or maybe more, who knows), especially on a non-existant travel budget. Anyone interested on details of any of my other outreach adventures? Let me know...

 

--Sarah Milligan

 

images: above right: photo from Greg Hardison, Sarah Milligan at the Woodford County High School

above left: Community Engagement Class, photo from Community Engagement blog

Horse Cave - At it Again!

 
Marti Booth and Joanna Hay in front of the introduction sign for the new cell phone tour in Horse Cave, photo courtesy Marti Booth

If you check in with this blog periodically, you may remember an early posting about all of the cool things happening in Horse Cave, KY over the last year. It seems like I am continuing to be drawn or associated with events in this small town. Last Sunday I was fortunate enough to be invited to attend the opening event of a cell phone walking tour (www.horsecavestories.com) in this community. I have known the 2 individuals who were contracted by Hart County Tourism to develop and implement this tourism tool, Judy Sizemore and Joanna Hay, for a few years now and love being invited to experience whatever projects they have on their plate (they are always interesting, and always wonderful). Judy and Joanna both are Kentucky Community Scholars – which has continued on with their relationship with the Kentucky Folklife Program – and in this sense were utilizing these trained skills by conducting oral history interviews in the community in order to use them to tell the story of Horse Cave in this new tour. Over the last year, Horse Cave Development Corporation (thank you Ken Russell) received a National Endowment for the Arts grant for Judy and Joanna to create the tour. Go Ladies! I was also introduced to Marti Booth, who is providing the graphics for the project, looks great Marti - great to meet you! 

My role was to invite the donation of  the new interviews to the Kentucky Historical Society (and chase down release forms), since we already have a related collection recently deposited, African American Heritage in Southern Hart County – which focused primarily on this population in and around Horse Cave. I was absolutely impressed by the organization and excitement behind this project as well as the community support the day of the opening – between 30-40 people! It was wonderful to see the newly elected Horse Cave Mayor, Randall Curry, introduce the project and show the city’s support. Folklife director, Bob Gates and family was there to welcome the tour, support recent Horse Cave Community Scholars and document the event - great to see you Bob! The local bakery provided Delicious (yes, capital “D”) cookies and even though there was snow on the sidewalks, people took the 10-stop, 4 block walking tour.


This is a project that has been brewing for about a year and it is just Phase I, I understand Phase II starts in the next few months to add more stops to the cell phone tour dealing with the unique ecosystem of the community to go along with the unique culture already represented. Right now you can go find out who makes square donuts, what is and who started the Repertory Theatre, and what about that cave the community is built on?

So, PLEASE check out their online presence for this project. Get ideas for what you might be able to do in your own community, look and see what you find valuable – physically or culturally – and think about that all important term “sense-of-place” that folklorists and other social observers like to throw around. What would you show someone who was visiting your town? What do you have left to learn yourself about your community? Check out all of the logos and credits on the website for this project – there was a lot of buy in and support for a project like this! Don’t be afraid to think large and get started!

(look who's coming to town!)

-- Sarah Milligan

Photos Courtesy of Marti Booth - top right, community gathering for tour opening. above left, Sandra (Hart Co. Tourism and tour development team member) and Marti test out the QR function (look it up). above right, Sarah and Joanna listen in to one of the cell phone stops (#10). directly above, Kentucky Reportory Theatre

Turkey and Tradition

 

Looking outside recently, the fact that autumn is here has hit me like a ton of bricks.  Even if all the stores are already putting out Christmas merchandise, I’m just now gearing up for Thanksgiving!  This of course got me to thinking about what my family would do this year, and the traditions that make up my holiday, as odd as they are. 

Supposedly, according to one of folklore’s big wigs, Roger Abrahams, the importance of Thanksgiving is the turkey meal and the accoutrements.  In this case, it’s quantity that matters.  Now, I can remember families talking about their turkey dinners, and goodness knows I’ve seen countless movies where the meal is sacrosanct.  By all that makes that family, there will be a turkey on that table Thanksgiving day, and they will sit down as a family, even if Aunt Marge has to drag Uncle Bill away from the game so that the family can have one meal together.  I’m pretty certain that everyone has a story like this, or at least can relate to it.

But what about those of us with non-traditional traditions?  Does it mean that our Thanksgivings are somehow less because we don’t have a turkey, big family gathering, or even celebrate on Thanksgiving?  As a folklorist and a non-traditional celebrant, I’d have to answer with a resounding NO!  It wasn’t until I was an adult that we even routinely celebrated Thanksgiving on Thanksgiving Day, as my army father was often deployed during this time when I was a child.  Those occasions when he was home for the holiday, we often ate at the Army post’s mess hall (believe it or not, they have a particularly good spread at Thanksgiving).  I have to say, I enjoyed those occasions far more than the one time I was forced into going to my grandparent’s house and eating brussels sprouts.  I recently read an article on Slate about someone else who had unique Thanksgiving traditions, mainly eating dinner at her parents’ second home, the local country club. The holiday is based on the theme of thankfulness for a bountiful autumn harvest and not just pilgrims, so I really don’t think the turkey is that important beyond a symbol.

What makes our traditions important is that we can’t imagine our world without them, be it always having jellied cranberries on Thanksgiving, or eating with other soldiers and their families at a mess hall.  So, what are some Thanksgiving traditions that you can’t live without?

Enjoy your turkey, tofurkey or curry next Thursday,

-Alisha Martin

Image from the Kentucky Historical Society: http://205.204.134.47:2005/u?/ORP,2774, Thanksgiving dinner at Bernard Phillip's home, 1978

Kentucky Afar

  
The last time I did a blog, we talked about how the Kentucky Folklife Program’s mission was to help conserve Kentucky’s traditional cultures.  We spoke of how conservation in this sense means to encourage the continuity of traditions through research, public presentations, and community scholar trainings.  Grants like our Apprenticeship awards and the efforts of interested people throughout the state who spend time and money help spread the word about their local folklife.  We talked at length about the extraordinary efforts of Dr.  Middleton to conserve the Mammoth Cave basketmaking traditions in the region of Hart County.

Sometimes the traditions of Kentucky find homes outside of the Commonwealth and these too need to be conserved.  The influence of migrants from Kentucky can be seen throughout the nation but especially in the industrial cities a little ways north of us.  Dayton, Ohio and the neighborhoods of south Chicago are known for their bluegrass music offerings.  A few years ago while traveling along Highway 23 in Michigan I passed  a suburb of Detroit that the locals called “Little Kentucky” because of the large population of former Kentucky Residents who followed  others in their family to take auto industry jobs in the region.  These transplanted Kentuckians often form new communities where they share similar worldviews, aesthetics for art forms like music, crafts, and food, traditions, and culture.  It is important for us to document and share the stories of these communities.  With travel budgets being what they are, the prospect of my staff traveling to these communities is remote, but it seems that there are always other ways to skin a cat.

Early this summer a friend of the Kentucky Historical Society, Pat Adkins from Owen County stopped by to talk about a little town in Wisconsin where a relative of hers lived.  It seems that Crandon, Wisconsin made a concerted effort in the early 1900s to recruit residents of Eastern Kentucky to come up and work in the lumber industry of northern Wisconsin.  Thousands of Kentuckians made the trip, worked very hard and stayed.  Pat said that you can hardly walk the streets of Crandon without bumping in to somebody with ties to Kentucky.  She says the accent is a little different, but after a few words you can still tell they are from Kentucky.  Pat said that she would be visiting her relatives this summer around the time of Crandon’s annual “Kentuck Day” festival, a celebration of the town’s Kentucky roots. 

Well it didn’t take long for me to convince her to do some documenting for us.  I gave her a quick overview of how folklorists conduct ethnographic observations. I described how we immerse in a culture events by objectively watching the activities, describing the context of the action and conducting interviews with participants.  A former instructor described it as pretending you were from another planet and your job is to describe to the people (beings) back home the new and wondrous events you were witnessing.  It is sometimes hard to do if you are a insider to the event because you have to pull yourself back and look at things from an outsiders perspective.  Pat was going to be an outsider and her natural curiosity about folklife prepared her well for the task.  At least this is what I told her and she bought it and vowed to take her camera, note pad and enthusiasm to her trip to Crandon.

Well, mission accomplished.  She dropped by last week with an armful of pictures, books, pamphlets, posters (picture above) and notes on her experiences.  She told me about the friendly Kentucky expatriates who welcomed her to the town, accompanied her to the local historical society and  guided her to  the many events surrounding Kentuck Days.   She showed me reprints of the original recruiting books used in the early 1900s to lure Kentuckians to the area.  We looked through recent history books about the county that talked about the cultural contributions of these settlers to the region.  Finally she described some of the events of the annual festival and how it still connects to the community.  I asked her to write up her observations for us to include in our growing files about this Crandon and other similar communities and I will follow up by recording her observation for the collection.  Maybe we can present them in a future blog. The Folklife Program depends on the help of people like Pat Akins who help to conserve the cultural traditions of the Commomwealth.

If you know about any of these Kentucky Afar communities, I would be very interested in talking with you.  Please respond to this blog or give us a call at 502-564-1792.

-Bob Gates

Annual Oral Historian Brain Swap - Whew, What a Conference!

The recent meeting of the national Oral History Association in Atlanta, GA – I must admit – was very interesting. I don’t know an exact count of participants, but it seems that there is a steady attendance for the last few years, somewhere around 400-500 participants. From what I heard and saw, the Wednesday pre-conference technical assistance workshops were well attended (digital preservation, digital audio, oral history basics, digital video and oral history and the law). The opening program was a short view of a on the WPA Federal Writers’ Project – Soul of a People: Writing America’s Story - I have been waiting to see, as well as a panel of participants discussing the topic and the documentary – including Stetson Kennedy, a Florida WPA writer and folklorist I always enjoy.

After this great start of engaging panels and technical workshops, the OHA conference itself , Thursday – Sunday, seemed to follow the lead. There was a good mixture between reports on new model projects (ie: Audio Histories and Tours of Change, Hope,and Adaptation), discussions on theoretical issues (Theoretical and Practical Challenges in Oral History, Ethical Dilemmas Undercover) and practical applications for oral history in a variety of settings (Oral History in the 21st Century Classroom, Oral History in the Reclamation of Cultural Space). There were Plenary Sessions every day, the Thursday plenary was exceptionally interesting as it dealt with oral history projects in post- Katrina Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, 5 years after the hurricane.

There were many Kentucky projects represented, as well as Kentuckians in attendance. I was pleased to see our oral historians and oral history project leaders represent their state as well as lend their support – once again – on a national stage.

There were so many things I participated in that were interesting, inspiring and just useful as far as oral history for Kentucky in the context of the global discipline. I am so grateful I was able to attend. Please let me know if you have questions about specific panels or presenters, I am happy to tell you more about what I know or connect you with those on a national level that were presenting.

Also extremely exciting is a new book by the revered oral historian, Allesandro Portelli, THEY SAY IN HARLAN COUNTY: An Oral History. Portelli is known in the oral history world for ground breaking oral history examinations and since the early 1970s has been conducting oral histories in Harlan County, KY about the people, the culture and the industry. This new publication is a culmination of this research and is getting great reviews. Although Portelli is from and lives in Italy, he often returns to Kentucky to revisit his friends and work. The original interviews are archived at the Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky.

Please, check out the online program to see more about what was discussed during the 2010 Oral History Association meeting.

Next year is in Denver the second week of October. The topic will be focused on “Memories of Conflict and Disaster: Oral History and the Politics of Truth, Trauma, and Reconciliation.” I will be sharing the call for proposals in the coming weeks. Please consider sharing our state’s oral history participation with the West. As for me, you will see me there – early and late – since I have been asked to join the conference program committee.

- Sarah Milligan

Looking back at the Equestian Games

 
It’s been a whirlwind ride for those of us here at the Folklife Program over the past month!  Whether it was being part of a conference panel, or working at the World Equestrian Games, we’ve been running what feels like a mile a minute.

Now, to those outside of Kentucky or the equestrian world, the WEG excitement may raise a few eyebrows.  I can only claim nominal interest in horses (I admit, they’re beautiful and their musculature is intriguing to draw), but being a resident of Kentucky, I’d heard about the games from the moment I drove over the state line.  Seriously, we have a big sign proclaiming that we were the home of the 2010 games as you cross the state border!

Ironically, my experience at WEG didn’t include much by way of horses.  Instead, I worked in the Kentucky Experience portion, acting as logistical support with the Kentucky Arts Council.  Throughout the Games, we had a steady run of performances highlighting Kentucky’s wonderful music scene (four a day or more).  Every kind of style from choral groups right on to jazz took the stage to show the world what wonderfully talented people we have here in Kentucky.  In fact, go check out the Kentucky Arts Council's Facebook page to see the lineups we had daily!

I heard a lot of people, with a lot of different accents, say that second to the Games portion, experiencing Kentucky’s music was one of their favorites.  Of course, my favorite portion was the last day of the games when I could get a good glimpse of all the people who came for the closing ceremonies.  Not to be missed (literally, they were all wearing bright orange! Google "Dutch Fans at World Equestrian Games" and you'll see some good examples) were the Dutch celebrants, who seemed to be in good spirits despite the vandalism of the Dutch carriage shortly before an event.  It could have been because they went on to win the Team Gold in Dressage. 

The folklorist in me really enjoyed the interaction between so many cultures—after all, it’s not often you hear so many Australian accents on a bus through Lexington in one day!  While I won’t be going to Normandy for the next bunch of the Games in 2014, I feel this was a really interesting experience in the aesthetics of the equestrian world…especially for an outsider such as myself!

-Alisha Martin

Image 1: Courtesy of Alltech

Image 2: The James Family Band performs at the Kentucky Experience, Courtesy of the Kentucky Arts Council

We Have a Winner!

The Kentucky Folklife Program is excited to share some news from master fiddler Roger Cooper and his apprentice Scott Miller - an update on our August 6, 2010 post. 

 
Just a couple of days after this picture was taken at the World Equestrian Games Kentucky Experience Pavilion Stage (left to right – Michael Garvin, Scott Miller, Roger Cooper, Chris Haas), Scott called me to share this --

L. Scott Miller won the 2010 Grand Master Fiddler Traditional Championship on October 2, 2010 in Nashville, Tennessee, which is held in conjunction with the IBMA Bluegrass Fan Fest.  The Grand Master Fiddler Traditional Championship is designed to recognize fiddlers who play a fiddling style outside the recognized U.S. “contest” or “Texas” styles, or Canadian “contest” styles. The award is called the Robert C. Byrd Memorial Award in honor of the late fiddling Senator Robert Byrd from West Virginia.

Scott completed a one-year Kentucky Arts Council Folk and Traditional Arts Apprenticeship with eastern Kentucky fiddle master Roger Cooper in 2010.

Scott says, “I appreciate the opportunity I was given to apprentice through KAC with Roger Cooper. The apprenticeship allowed me to learn the regional fiddle style of the area where I grew up and is enabling me to perform and teach it to a future generation of musicians. Winning this contest helps demonstrate the strength of the Apprenticeship program. I played four tunes I learned from Roger during the two competitive rounds of the contest. I was pleased to hear so many positive comments about how well people liked those tunes.”

Upon receipt of his award, Scott dedicated the honor to Roger Cooper and those fiddlers from whom he learned: Buddy Thomas, Morris Allen, Bob Prater and the great Ohio fiddler Jimmy Wheeler. He also recognized other influential fiddlers from the area: Ed Haley, J.W. Day, Jess Large, Arnold Sharp, and Emma Dickenson. Scott says, “I’m proud to be from an area with such a great fiddle heritage.”

Scott also won the Uncle Dave Macon Days Traditional Fiddle Championship this past July, 2010.

Congratulations, Scott!  Thanks to you and Roger for being excellent representatives of Kentucky’s artistic heritage on the national scene.

The Kentucky Arts Council Folk and Traditional Arts Apprenticeship has been honoring and supporting traditional artists for nearly 20 years.  The next application deadline is February 1, 2011.  If you or someone you know would like more information on this program, contact Mark Brown.

-Mark Brown, Kentucky Folklife Program

Folklorists are Converging on Nashville

 

KHS Image: 1990ph2.10MCA10."Tacky Party. "Group dressed in costumes--probably "old-style" clothes. Wickliffe (Ky.) ca. 1901s

It sounds like a trailer for a bad (but oh so good) B grade horror movie, but in reality it is the annual meeting of the American Folklore Society in Nashville, TN this Wednesday (Oct 13) thru this Saturday (Oct 16). For those of you who have never been to an AFS meeting, you are missing an awesome example of how a professional organization can encourage fun, collaboration and professional development.

Folklorists are an interesting group. In graduate school (at WKU) I once had a friend describe to me the moment she knew she wanted to become a folklorist - she was at an AFS meeting and in the same hotel was a meeting of bankers...she was at the bottom of the escalator looking up, the bankers were headed up the escalator - in all somber colored suites and casuals - and the folklorists were coming down - dressed in bright colors and textures and full of smiles.

I always think of this when I am gearing for AFS - at this meeting, not only can you attend workshops for tecnical things like archiving, fieldwork (interviewing and such), and digital technology you can participate in discussions about community-based folklife practice, folklore and the American political movement and teaching folklore and digital culture. Some of my favorite panels on the agenda are going to be:

"Banished Women and Ghost Babies: The Burden of Tradition,"

"Culinary Tourism and Local Foodways" and 

"Approaches to Alternative and Emergent Religion from Folklore Studies"

(Okay, maybe there are way more than this that are on the cool radar than I can list here)

 

Aren't you either a) excited you are going or b) wish you were?

 

In reality, folklorists study such a wide array of topics over time and space (One panel is called: "You Are Here: The Folklore of Place and Space) that there is tons of diversity in topics and expertise, it is a little mind blowing. By Saturday I don't expect to be able to know what my own name is, but it is worth it to get to engage with this energizing group of colleges and witness what research and public work is being done in the country (and also the world thanks to our international participants). If you are in Nashville this week, you might come by for a day or two. Registration is not too expensive and the experience will be well worth the time put in.

One of your state folklife specialists, Alisha Martin, and myself will be there from KHS to represent and participate in the mass knowledge share. I am sure you will hear back from us on our adventure.

- Sarah Milligan

p.s. I just noticed that AFS has a new website, check it out.

 

Historians Unite!

KHS Collection: 1990ph2.2JEFA8. Meeting of Campfire Girls at Cabbage Patch Settlement House. ca 1910.

The lingering question, I know, is “what is the oral history dept. up to these days?” Besides answering KOHC grant application questions and working peripherally on an NHPRC grant application to catalog our folklife collection, we are beginning the discussion which will hopefully steer oral history documentation in the state for the next 5-10 years! Can you tell I am excited? You could if you saw me.

This Saturday from 11am – 2pm, KHS is hosting a contingent of historians and archivists/librarians to begin to discuss the future of 20th and 21st century collecting for the state. We are looking at a few different things:

1) What have institutions been collecting successfully on the topic? (And what do we have an abundance of)? 

2) What Kentucky history topics in this time period have historians been successfully publishing – print, online, video?

Once we discuss these topics we will move in to...

3) What do we need to be very deliberate in documenting? What topics are historians looking at as important in this range of history? Do we have the documentation to support that research in our repositories?

Did you ever think that historical perspectives, publications, and textbooks are based on research that is gathered, collected and made accessible by people in collecting institutions? Institutions rely on the general public (you) to participate in the conversation about what papers, artifacts, narratives are out there that can proportionately and accurately illustrate and tell the history of ourselves. But outside the conversation that the public brings to our doors, we are also actively discussing what items we NEED to intentionally seek out and collect to tell specific stories. 

Oral Histories are a great way to actively document recent history and why the KOHC is leading the discussion this weekend about what our focus might be. If oral history documentation can be intentional on a topic, and repositories are working in tandem on the topic, they may be deliberate about collecting letters, diaries, images, artifacts that help support the topic. If we begin to purposely document a facet of our history (like we have with the civil rights movement) the fuller version of this historical event, place or period is fuller and more complete for those historians to research, publish and create textbooks. 

What are your ideas for collecting 20th and 21st century history?  Let us know, I can tell you what we have on the topic and take the innovative ideas to the meeting this Saturday.

 Images: above right: KHS Collection. 1987PH05.15074.1.A8 Senator Jack Stout and Happy Chandler. 1940

middle: A History of Kentucky by Thomas Clark. 1992. J. Stuart Foundation

bottom: Civil Rights Database, KHS

-- sarah milligan

Playing it up at the History Center!

Last night, KHS visitors and staff experienced a real treat at our Bill Monroe Centennial Kick-Off Concert!  It was an absolutely splendid performance by former Blue Grass Boys Jim Smoak and Danny Jones, and master bluegrass musicians Hoot Hester, Steve Cooley and Larry Raley!  The way that they played together, you would have thought they’ve been in a band together for years.

 Now, as awesome as last night’s performance was, I would be seriously remiss to go on and on about it and not to talk about our Voices of Kentucky Concert that happened August 26th.  So now that I’ve teased you with the bluegrass concert, I let you know how the Voices of Kentucky Concert went.  You’ll just have to wait until next week to hear the samples from last night’s concert.

We had the spectacular female trio of the Johnson Sisters, along with Don Rigsby and the fabulous Northern Kentucky Brotherhood Singers.  We’ve worked with them before at our Made to Be Played concerts, and thought that it would be wonderful to get them all together on stage again.  Here they are performing at Made to Be Played:

Each group sang individually until the very end, when they all performed together in what was a very harmonious rendition of “Swing Low.”  Now, I’ll be the first to admit that I’m not all that familiar with gospel harmony, but I do know a bit about a cappella performances, and they really blew me away.  So, to share the experience, clip the player below to hear Don Rigsby and co, The Johnson Sisters and the Northern Kentucky Brotherhood Singers perform “Swing Low:”

VoicesofKentucky_web_clip

The concert was a great success, and as last night’s were as well, we hope to have many more to come.  Keep tabs on the Kentucky Historical Society’s frequent special events and Thursday night programming for more exciting opportunities to listen, learn and experience Kentucky’s incredible culture and history.

-Alisha Martin